Exploring the Relationship between the Gut Microbiota and Ageing: A Possible Age Modulator.

The gut microbiota (GM) has been the subject of intense research in recent years. Therefore, numerous factors affecting its composition have been thoroughly examined, and with them, their function and role in the individual's systems. The gut microbiota's taxonomical composition dramatically impacts older adults' health status. In this regard, it could either extend their life expectancy via the modulation of metabolic processes and the immune system or, in the case of dysbiosis, predispose them to age-related diseases, including bowel inflammatory and musculoskeletal diseases and metabolic and neurological disorders. In general, the microbiome of the elderly tends to present taxonomic and functional changes, which can function as a target to modulate the microbiota and improve the health of this population. The GM of centenarians is unique, with the faculty-promoting metabolic pathways capable of preventing and counteracting the different processes associated with age-related diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota can exhibit anti-ageing properties are mainly based on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. This review focuses on analysing the current knowledge of gut microbiota characteristics and modifiers, its relationship with ageing, and the GM-modulating approaches to increase life expectancy.

Changes in the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation associated with Helicobacter pylori in humans coinfected with intestinal helminths.

BACKGROUND: Though a few studies in animal models suggest that intestinal helminths (IH) favorably affect evolution of gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) the studies supporting this concept in humans are only a few and are based on serological data. METHODS: To evaluate the possible influence of IH on the human gastric mucosa, three groups of Venezuelan adults with gastropathy (endoscopically diagnosed) were studied: H. pylori-/IH- (n = 17), H. pylori+/IH- (n = 18), and H. pylori+/IH+ (n = 11). Histological analysis (hematoxylin-eosin) and immunohistochemical staining (peroxidase) for cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were undertaken in gastric antral biopsies. RESULTS: Expression of the four cytokines was detected in all individuals in varying degrees, but proinflammatory cytokines were expressed in a higher degree in the H. pylori+/IH- group, mainly IL-1ß (Th1-dominant immune response), associated with a higher degree of both histological inflammation and gastric cancer risk index (GCRI), as compared to the H. pylori-/IH- group. In contrast, an increased expression of IL-4 and a reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Th2-dominant response), plus the tendency to a lower degree of mononuclear infiltration, mucosal atrophy in gastric corpus, and GCRI, were evidenced in the coinfected group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study is perhaps the first histological evidence of a possible modulatory effect of IH on the gastric mucosal inflammatory response due to H. pylori infection in humans.

Litiasis renal en paciente con enfermedad de crohn: reporte de caso / Renal lithiasis in patient with crohn's disease: case report

Caso de litiasis renal por oxalato de calcio asociado a enfermedad de Crohn de reciente debut en paciente masculino 43 años proveniente del Canton las Piñas, Provincia El Oro en Ecuador, sin antecedentes patológicos en relación a su enfermedad. En enero 2020 acude a consulta particular con dolor en fosa iliaca derecha, fiebre, fatiga, hiporexia, pérdida de peso, tenesmo y diarrea. Gastroenterólogo observó colon derecho con úlceras, áreas de mucosa infiltrada, y el estudio anatomopatológico identifica ulceraciones en subserosa, abscesos, infiltrado inflamatorio mixto, granulomas epitelioides con células gigantes multinucleadas. Previo consentimiento se realiza ecosonografía, detectándose un cálculo renal derecho de 5 mm de tamaño y otro de 4 mm en el izquierdo. El análisis de orina reporta aciduria, cristales oxalato de calcio y la radiografía simple demostró sombra de los cálculos. El estudio metabólico la 1,25 dihidroxivitamina D y la hormona paratiroidea resultó negativo. La evolución fue favorable y continua en control periódico que de ameritar se ordenaría tomografía helicoidal sin contraste o urograma excretorio.

We present a case of kidney stones due to calcium oxalate stones associated with Crohn's disease of recent debut in a 43-year-old male patient from the Piñas canton-El Oro Province-Ecuador with no personal and family pathological history in relation to his disease and that in January 2020 he went to a private medical consultation for presenting colic-type abdominal pain located in the right iliac fossa, fever, fatigue, hyporexia, weight loss, tenesmus and sometimes diarrhea. The gastroenterologist observed: right colon with ulcers and infiltrated mucosa areas; samples are taken for histopathological study. Anatomopathology It was identified ulcerations in subserosa, abscesses, mixed inflammatory infiltrate, epithelioid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells diagnosed with Crohn's disease. With the patient's consent, an echo-sonographic study was made, detecting a right kidney stone 5 mm in size and 4 mm in the left. Urinalysis showed aciduria, calcium oxalate crystals, and plain abdominal radiography showed shadow of the stones. In the metabolic study the 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone was negative. The evolution was favorable and he continuous in periodic control that, if it's required, would be ordered a helical computed tomography without contrast or excretory urogram.

Frecuencia de cáncer hepatobiliopancreático y su relación con diabetes mellitus en pacientes del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo / Hepatobiliopancreatic cancer frequency and its relationship to diabetes mellitus in patients of the hospital universitario de Maracaibo

La diabetes mellitus se ha asociado con la presencia de algunos tipos de cáncer del tracto digestivo, sobre todo en los últimos años se ha relacionado con el cáncer de hígado, el páncreas y las vías biliares. Es por ello que se realizó el presente estudio retrospectivo con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia del cáncer hepatobiliopancreático y su asociación con la presencia de diabetes en pacientes del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo durante el periodo 2006-2012. Noventa y siete casos fueron registrados; con diagnóstico de neoplasias hepáticas malignas primarias (hepatocarcinoma-colangiocarcinoma intrahepático) 26,8%, Colangiocarcinomas extrahepáticos distales 21,6%, tumor de Klatskin 16,5%, cáncer de páncreas 10,3%, tumor periampular 5,2% y tumor de vesícula biliar 5,2%. En los pacientes diabéticos los tumores más frecuentes fueron el cáncer de páncreas y neoplasias hepáticas malignas primarias (94,8%, p<0,01). No se observó en el resto de los pacientes estudiados asociación significativa entre el diagnóstico de cáncer con la presencia de diabetes. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos con el fin de establecer los factores que pudieran influir en la génesis del cáncer en los pacientes diabéticos, tales como el tipo de tratamiento, alteraciones metabólicas y otros factores inflamatorios que pudiesen estar involucrados.

Diabetes mellitus has been associated with the presence of some types of cancer of the digestive tract, especially in recent years has been linked to cancer of the liver, pancreas and bile ducts. That is why we undertook the present retrospective study in order to determine the frequency of hepatobiliopancreatic cancer and its association with the presence of diabetes in patients at Maracaibo University Hospital during the period 2006-2012. 97 cases were reported, with a diagnosis of primary hepatic malignancies (hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) 26.8% 21.6% distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Klatskin tumor 16.5% 10.3% pancreatic cancer, tumor periampullar 5,2% and gallbladder tumor 5.2%. In diabetic patients, the most common tumors were pancreatic cancer and primary hepatic malignancies (94.8%, p<0,01). It was not observed in the rest of the patients significant association between cancer diagnosis and the presence of diabetes. Prospective studies are needed in order to establish the factors that may influence the genesis of cancer in diabetic patients, such as the type of treatment, metabolic and inflammatory factors that may be involved.

Epidemiologic Behavior and Estimation of an Optimal Cut-Off Point for Homeostasis Model Assessment-2 Insulin Resistance: A Report from a Venezuelan Population.

Background. Mathematical models such as Homeostasis Model Assessment have gained popularity in the evaluation of insulin resistance (IR). The purpose of this study was to estimate the optimal cut-off point for Homeostasis Model Assessment-2 Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) in an adult population of Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study with randomized, multistaged sampling included 2,026 adult individuals. IR was evaluated through HOMA2-IR calculation in 602 metabolically healthy individuals. For cut-off point estimation, two approaches were applied: HOMA2-IR percentile distribution and construction of ROC curves using sensitivity and specificity for selection. Results. HOMA2-IR arithmetic mean for the general population was 2.21 ± 1.42, with 2.18 ± 1.37 for women and 2.23 ± 1.47 for men (P = 0.466). When calculating HOMA2-IR for the healthy reference population, the resulting p75 was 2.00. Using ROC curves, the selected cut-off point was 1.95, with an area under the curve of 0.801, sensibility of 75.3%, and specificity of 72.8%. Conclusions. We propose an optimal cut-off point of 2.00 for HOMA2-IR, offering high sensitivity and specificity, sufficient for proper assessment of IR in the adult population of our city, Maracaibo. The determination of population-specific cut-off points is needed to evaluate risk for public health problems, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Variations of lipoprotein(a) levels in the metabolic syndrome: a report from the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study.

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet its influence on metabolic syndrome (MS) is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact generated by this diagnosis in serum Lp(a) concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1807 subjects of both genders (55.3% women and 44.7% men) belonging to the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study were evaluated. Results were expressed as Mean ± SD, determining differences through Student's t-test and One-Way ANOVA test. Multiple logistic regression models were utilized for analyzing factors associated with elevated serum Lp(a) levels and MS. Total cholesterol and LDL-C were corrected according to Lp(a)-Cholesterol when necessary. RESULTS: No differences were found in Lp(a) values between genders; P = 0,292. The association between MS and the classification of Lp(a) was statistically significant (χ (2) = 28.33; P < 0,0001), with greater levels in subjects with this diagnosis. In the univariate analysis, subjects with each of the separate diagnostic criteria showed higher serum Lp(a) concentrations, except for hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Lp(a) values exhibit important variations regarding MS and each of its components. Impaired fasting glucose appeared as a protecting factor against elevated Lp(a) concentrations, whereas its association with LDL-C and hs-CRP suggests a potential pro-inflammatory role.

Comparison of three methods based on endoscopic gastric biopsies for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection in a clinical setting.

CONTEXT: The correct diagnosis and effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection are essential in controlling this infection. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of three tests based in endoscopic gastric biopsies histopathological evaluation with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining, urease rapid test and microbiological culture for detecting Helicobacter pylori active infection, in order to make recommendations for daily clinical practice. METHODS: Gastric biopsies from 115 adult patients (85 female/30 male) were obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and studied by histopathological evaluation with H-E (antrum-corpus), urease test in 2 hours (antrum) and microbiological culture (antrum). RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori active infection was diagnosed in 67% of patients. Helicobacter pylori active infection was detected by histopathological evaluation with H-E, urease test and microbiological culture in 87%, 79% and 70% of the positive cases, respectively. There were significant differences when histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test rapid test when compared with microbiological test (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test (P = 0.7). The kappa index of agreement for histopathological evaluation with H-E/urease test was 0.56, histopathological evaluation with H-E/microbiological culture 0.6, and urease test/microbiological culture 0.64. CONCLUSIONS: In a hospital setting like the one studied, histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test are the most recommended tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection based in endoscopic biopsies. If pathological information of gastric lesions will be required, histopathological evaluation with H-E is essential. Urease test is mandatory if a prompt diagnosis is necessary. Microbiological culture can be used in cases of persistent or complicated infection, which may require studies on Helicobacter virulence or antimicrobial susceptibility. Selected cases might demand a combination of several tests. The three tests exhibit a good concordance level for Helicobacter pylori active infection diagnosis.

Comparison of three methods based on endoscopic gastric biopsies for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection in a clinical setting / Comparação de três métodos baseados em biopsias gástricas endoscópicas para o diagnóstico da infecção ativa pelo Helicobacter pylori em um ambiente clínico

CONTEXT: The correct diagnosis and effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection are essential in controlling this infection. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of three tests based in endoscopic gastric biopsies histopathological evaluation with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining, urease rapid test and microbiological culture for detecting Helicobacter pylori active infection, in order to make recommendations for daily clinical practice. METHODS: Gastric biopsies from 115 adult patients (85 female/30 male) were obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and studied by histopathological evaluation with H-E (antrum-corpus), urease test in 2 hours (antrum) and microbiological culture (antrum). RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori active infection was diagnosed in 67 percent of patients. Helicobacter pylori active infection was detected by histopathological evaluation with H-E, urease test and microbiological culture in 87 percent, 79 percent and 70 percent of the positive cases, respectively. There were significant differences when histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test rapid test when compared with microbiological test (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test (P = 0.7). The kappa index of agreement for histopathological evaluation with H-E/urease test was 0.56, histopathological evaluation with H-E/microbiological culture 0.6, and urease test/microbiological culture 0.64. CONCLUSIONS: In a hospital setting like the one studied, histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test are the most recommended tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection based in endoscopic biopsies. If pathological information of gastric lesions will be required, histopathological evaluation with H-E is essential. Urease test is mandatory if a prompt diagnosis is necessary. Microbiological culture can be used in cases of persistent or complicated infection, which may require studies on Helicobacter virulence or antimicrobial susceptibility. Selected cases might demand a combination of several tests. The three tests exhibit a good concordance level for Helicobacter pylori active infection diagnosis.

CONTEXTO: O diagnóstico correto e o tratamento eficaz da infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori são essenciais no controle desta infecção. OBJETIVO: Comparar o valor de três testes de diagnóstico baseado em biopsias gástricas endoscópicas: avaliação histopatológica com hematoxilina-eosina (H-E), teste da urease e cultura microbiológica para a detecção da infecção ativa pelo H. pylori, com a finalidade de recomendações para a clínica diária prática. MÉTODOS: Biopsias gástricas de 115 pacientes (85 mulheres e 30 homens) foram obtidas por endoscopia digestiva alta e estudadas por avaliação histopatológica com H-E (antro-corpo), teste de urease em 2 horas (antro) e cultura microbiológica (antro). RESULTADOS: Infecção ativa pelo H. pylori foi diagnosticada em 67 por cento dos pacientes e detectada pela avaliação histopatológica com H-E, pelo teste de urease e pela cultura microbiológica em 87 por cento, 79 por cento e 70 por cento dos casos positivos, respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas quando a avaliação histopatológica com H-E e o teste rápido de urease quando comparadas com a cultura microbiológica (P<0,01). Não houve diferença significativa entre a avaliação histopatológica com H-E e o teste de urease (P = 0,7). O índice kappa para avaliação histopatológica com H-E/teste de urease foi de 0,56, avaliação histopatológica com H-E/cultura microbiológica 0,6, e teste de urease/cultura microbiológica 0,64. CONCLUSÕES: Em condições similares ao estudado, avaliação histopatológica com H-E e teste de urease são os testes mais recomendados para o diagnóstico de infecção ativa pelo H. pylori com base em biopsias endoscópicas. A avaliação histopatológica com H-E é essencial quando exigido o estudo de lesões gástricas. O teste de urease é obrigatório no caso de diagnóstico precoce rápido. A cultura microbiológica pode ser usada em casos de infecção persistente ou complicada, que podem exigir estudos sobre a virulência ou susceptibilidade do Helicobacter aos antimicrobianos. Os casos selecionados podem exigir a combinação de vários testes. Os três testes apresentam bom nível de concordância para o diagnóstico da infecção ativa pelo H. pylori.

Percentiles de circunferencia de cintura en niños y adolescentes del municipio maracaibo del estado zulia: venezuela / Waist circumference percentiles in children and adolescents of Maracaibo municipality of zulia state: venezuela

El exceso de grasa visceral constituye un importante predictor de riesgo metabólico y cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes, y la circunferencia de cintura (CC) es la mejor variable antropométrica que la estima. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los percentiles de circunferencia de cintura específicos por edad y género para niños y adolescentes, utilizando una muestra obtenida del Municipio Maracaibo del Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se analizó una muestra de 1787 niños y adolescentes (884 del género masculino y 903 del género femenino) con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 18 años, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio por conglomerado. A cada individuo se le realizó un examen físico y evaluación antropométrica para confirmar su estado de salud. Para la construcción de las curvas suavizadas de los percentiles de CC se utilizó el método LMS. La media de la circunferencia de cintura aumentó con la edad, y se mantuvo similar en ambos géneros hasta la edad de 8 años, despues de los cuales comenzó a verse un ligero incremento en el género masculino. Los valores de CC en cada percentil se incrementaron con la edad. Al compararlo con otros países, los valores de CC en el percentil 50 para ambos grupos, se mostraron cercanos pero levemente superiores a los valores registrados por Colombia, Canadá, USA, Hong Kong y Londres hasta la edad de 9 años, a partir de la cual se evidencia un incremento constante en promedio de 2,5 cm de un año a otro. Las curvas de ambos géneros se acercan suficientemente a las curvas que dibuja USA. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento en los valores de CC en el grupo masculino desde los 10 años en adelante, comparado con los otros países, incluso USA. Estas primeras estimaciones de percentiles de CC y sus curvas correspondientes para niños y adolescentes del Municipio Maracaibo, permitirá identificar individuos con obesidad abdominal (una vez establecidos los puntos de corte en futuras investigaciones); y así definir no solo las estrategias de atención, sino también las de prevención de riesgo cardiovascular y metabólico en este grupo vulnerable(AU)

The excess of visceral fat constitutes important predictor of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents, and the waist circumference (WC) is the best anthropometric variable to estimate it. The objective was to estimate the specific WC percentiles by age and gender for children and adolescents, using data obtained from Maracaibo Municipality of Zulia State, Venezuela. For this purpose, a sample of 1787 children and adolescents (884 boys and 903 girls) from 2 until 18 years old, were selected by conglomerate random sampling. A complete physical examination and anthropometric evaluation was performed to each patient to confirm their healthy state. Construction of the smoothed centile curves was performed using the LMS method. Mean WC increased with age, with the values being similar between males and females until 8 years old, after which values are slightly higher in males. For both genders, the values of WC in each percentile increased with the age. Compared with other countries, our values of WC in percentile 50 for both groups were similar, but slightly superior to the values registered by Colombia, Canada, USA, Hong Kong and London until age 9, after this age a constant increase in average of 2.5 cm from one year to another was observed. Both gender curves approach the USA curves. Nevertheless, an increase in the values of WC in the male group from the 10 years was observed, compared with the other countries, even USA. These first estimations of percentiles of WC and their corresponding curves for children and adolescents from Maracaibo Municipality, will allow to identify subjects with abdominal obesity (after cut-off points are established in future investigations) and thus to define not only the strategies for attention, but also for prevention cardiovascular and metabolic risk in this vulnerable group(AU)

Lipoprotein(a): from molecules to therapeutics.

Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] was discovered by Kare Berg in 1963 from the study of low-density lipoprotein genetic variants. Lp(a) contains a unique protein, apolipoprotein(a), which is linked to the Apo B-100 through a disulfide bond that gives it a great structural homology with plasminogen, and confers it atherogenic and atherothrombotic properties. Interest in Lp(a) has increased because an important association between high plasma levels of Lp(a) and coronary artery disease and cerebral vascular disorders has been demonstrated. Numerous case control studies have confirmed that hyper-Lp(a) is a risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) is identified as a genetic trait with autosomal transmission, codified by one of the most studied polymorphic genes in humans. It has been demonstrated that variations in this gene are a major factor in the serum levels of Lp(a). Variations differ considerably between individuals and sex across populations. Various approaches to drug treatment using fibric acid derivatives, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, alcohol extracted soy protein, niacin, and exercise have been proven to decrease Lp(a) in high risk patients, but none has really been an effective therapeutic option for successfully reducing Lp(a) plasma levels.

The Maracaibo city metabolic syndrome prevalence study: design and scope.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a conglomerate of interrelated risk factors-including obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and insulin resistance-which exponentially increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of MS according to the criteria published by the International Diabetes Federation, in individuals of both sexes over 18 years of age. This is a cross-sectional study based on MS prevalence in a representative sample from the Maracaibo district, Zulia State. The population of Maracaibo, according to the last census in 2001, was 1,219,927 habitants, with a 2007 population estimation of 1,428,043 habitants according to the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). Likewise, NIS projects that for the year 2009, 59.7% of the population of Venezuela will have individuals over 18 years of age. Using these data, the sample for Maracaibo District corresponds to 1986 individuals with or above 18 years of age. The data recollection was conducted by health professionals and medicine students, previously trained. The participants were subject to inquiry previous written consent and a medical examination, and qualitative variables such as smoking habit, socioeconomic status, physical activity, race, alcoholism, and nutritional habits, and quantitative ones like blood pressure, anthropometry, and blood works were determined. There is clear evidence that there is a lack of research and validated values to use as reference in our country and maybe in Latin America. Taking into account all that has been exposed here, this study will serve as a pilot for the numerous statistical determinations that will soon come afterward, providing first-hand accurate evidence on the behavior of the MS in the Latin American populace.

An elevated level of physical activity is associated with normal lipoprotein(a) levels in individuals from Maracaibo, Venezuela.

Coronary artery disease is the main cause of death worldwide. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in which concentrations are genetically regulated. Contradictory results have been published about physical activity influence on Lp(a) concentration. This research aimed to determine associations between different physical activity levels and Lp(a) concentration. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was made in 1340 randomly selected subjects (males = 598; females = 712) to whom a complete clinical history, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Lp(a) level determination were made. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess qualitative variables relationship by chi2 and differences between means by one-way analysis of variance considering a P value <0.05 as statistically significant. Results are shown as absolute frequencies, percentages, and mean +/- standard deviation according to case. Physical activity levels were ordinal classified as follows: low activity with 24.3% (n = 318), moderate activity with 35.0% (n = 458), and high physical activity with 40.8% (n = 534). Lp(a) concentration in the studied sample was 26.28 +/- 12.64 (IC: 25.59-26.96) mg/dL. Lp(a) concentration according to low, moderate, and high physical activity levels were 29.22 +/- 13.74, 26.27 +/- 12.91, and 24.53 +/- 11.35 mg/dL, respectively, observing statistically significant differences between low and moderate level (P = 0.004) and low and high level (P < 0.001). A strong association (chi2 = 9.771; P = 0.002) was observed among a high physical activity level and a normal concentration of Lp(a) (less than 30 mg/dL). A lifestyle characterized by high physical activity is associated with normal Lp(a) levels.

Increased levels of lipoprotein (a) are related to family risk factors of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents from Maracaibo, Venezuela.

The aims of this study were to determine Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] concentrations in a sample of subjects from Maracaibo, Venezuela, and to determine the relationship of family risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their Lp(a) levels. Two hundred twenty-seven healthy individuals between 5 and 19 years of age of both genders and multiethnic origins were selected. A complete background clinical chart and laboratory test was conducted for each patient to discard cardiovascular diseases and confirm their healthy state. The Lp(a) concentration was determined using the double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For inferential statistical analysis, one-factor analysis of variance tests and Student t test for independent observations were used according to each case, considered significant when P value was <0.05. No significant differences were observed when evaluating Lp(a) levels according to gender in all ages. Males showed no significant difference in Lp(a) levels between groups, but, in females, a significantly lower level (P < 0.03) in the group 5 to 9 years of age was found. When considering only age, significantly lower levels were observed (P < 0.03) in the 5- to 9-year-old group. When studying family risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, it was found that the group with family risk factors had a significantly higher Lp(a) concentration (P < 0.01) than those without family risk factors, observing that those who had four or more factors exhibited a significantly higher concentration than those with two to three risk factors (30.6 +/- 4.5 mg/dL versus 18.5 +/- 12.2 mg/dL, P < 0.009) and than those with one risk factor (30.6 +/- 4.5 mg/dL versus 21.6 +/- 1.4 mg/dL, P < 0.03). These results emphasize the clusters of family risk factors of cardiovascular disease with higher Lp(a) levels and also indicate that the evaluation of its concentration should be taken as an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis for the population in developmental ages.

Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) as surrogate insulinization criteria in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that results from defects in both insulin secretion and insulin action. Questions remain about when insulin therapy is indicated; thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate homeostasis model assessment beta-cell (HOMAbetacell) values as surrogate criteria for insulin therapy indication in patients with type 2 diabetes. A prospective study was performed involving 189 type 2 diabetic patients with deficient metabolic control assessed by clinical and laboratory parameters. All patients received nutritional intervention and combination therapy with metformin and glimepiride. Patients who did not respond were admitted to the next phase, which consisted of glimepiride + metformin + rosiglitazone oral therapy and revaluation after 3 months. Comparisons between responders and nonresponders in this phase were made in order to achieve differences in metabolic parameters and beta cell function. Of 189 patients studied, 150 (79.36%) were considered full responders in the first phase of this study. The remaining 39 patients were admitted in the second trial phase, in which 20 patients (51.28%) responded to triple oral therapy, while the other 19 (49.72%) required insulin therapy. Significant differences were found in fasting and postprandial glycemia (P < 0.001; P < 0.004) between the non-insulin-requiring group (200 +/- 12.0 mg/dL; 266.05 +/- 17,67 mg/dL) and the insulin-requiring group (291.5 +/- 17.6 mg/dL; 361.6 +/- 26.1 mg/dL). Likewise, significant differences were observed in homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMAIR) and HOMAbetacell values (P < 0.002; P < 0.04) between non-insulin-requiring patients (7.7 +/- 0.8; 24.5 +/- 1.3%) and insulin-requiring patients (12.6 +/- 1.2; 19.4 +/- 2.4%). Finally, significant differences were observed when comparing body mass index (non-insulin-requiring group, 29.2 +/- 0.4 kg/m, versus insulin-requiring group, 27.1 +/- 0.9 kg/m; P < 0.05). HOMAbetacell determination in clinical practice is a useful tool to determine when insulin therapy should be started for type 2 diabetic patients.

Tratamiento farmacólogico de la obesidad: presente, pasado y futuro / Treatment pharmacologic of the obesity: present, past and future

La obesidad es una enfermedad endocrino-metabólica caracterizada por excesiva acumulación de grasa en el tejido adiposo. La importancia en el estudio y tratamiento de la obesidad, radica no sólo en la alta incidencia de ésta patología en los últimos años, sino el alto riesgo en salud que ésta implica. El objetivo del tratamiento es revertir el balance energético positivo, y mejoramiento de las co-morbilidades asociadas, mediante la reducción de la ingesta de alimentos y el aumento del gasto energético. Los pilares de la terapéutica son modificar la conducta, dieta y ejercicios. Sin embargo estas no son herramientas que garantizan el mantenimiento de la pérdida de peso a largo plazo sin efecto rebote. Los fármacos constituyen una herramienta empleada en asociación con los anteriores y no como única medida. Los fármacos para el tratamiento de la obesidad, se clasifican en aquellos que reducen la ingesta de alimentos (agentes noradrenérgicos, serotoninérgicos y duales), disminuyen la absorción (orlistat) y los que incrementan la termogénesis (efedrina y cafeína). En la actualidad sólo sibutramina y orlistat se vislumbran como las únicas drogas cuya seguridad y eficacia demostrada permiten su aplicación clínica a largo plazo (2 años). Los avances en el estudio del balance energético y su regulación han postulado nuevos blancos para la fabricación de futuros fármacos más espec¡ficos y eficaces como los antagonistas de receptores endocanabinoides.

Biología molecular de los transportadores de glucosa: clasificación, estructura y distribución / Molecular biology of the transporters of glucose: classification, structures and distribution

Hexosas como la glucosa, galactosa y fructosa cumplen funciones importantes en las células eucarióticas. Estas moléculas son incapaces de difundir directamente a través de las membranas celulares por lo que requieren proteínas transportadoras especializadas para entrar al interior celular. Dichas biomoléculas pertenecen a un grupo de transportadores constituida por 2 familias de proteínas: la familia de los Glut´s (del inglés Glucose Transporters) y la familia de los co-transportadores de sodio y glucosa. Según la información obtenida de la secuencia de aminoácidos por medio de librerías de cADN todos poseen una estructura básica similar: 12 (Gluts) o 14 (SGLT) dominios trasmembrana. Igualmente todos parecen estar glicosilados en alguna de sus asas extracelulares. En los últimos siete años ha habido un explosivo incremento en la información sobre estos transportadores, de hecho, hasta hace diez años solo se conocían 6 transportadores pero esta familia ha crecido rápidamente hasta llegar a 14 miembros para los Gluts y 6 miembros para los SGLT´s. El impacto de estos descubrimientos se hace notar cuando se analizan los procesos en los que se involucran estas proteínas: Control de la glicemia basal y post-prandial; mecanismos de absorción de la glucosa y fructosa en el intestino delgado; absorción de fructosa en los espermatozoides; reabsorción de glucosa a nivel tubular renal y yeyuno; maduración de la expresión de Glut´s en la mama en lactación; incorporación de glucosa al músculo durante el ejercicio; mecanismo sensor en la secreción de insulina y respuestas adaptativa del metabolismo energético durante estados de estrés, etc.

Elevados niveles séricos de lipoproteína (a) en una población afro-venezolana / High serum (a) in a afro-venezuelan population

Altas concentraciones de Lipoproteína (a) [Lp)a)] son consideradas un factor de riesgo independiente para la enfermedad cardiovascular, sin embargo su determinación no se realiza como prueba de rutina en la evaluación de dicho riesgo. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los niveles séricos de Lp(a) en individuos de las poblaciones de Maracaibo, una localidad con predominio blanco-hispánico, y de Bobures, una localidad afrovenezolana, ambas ubicadas en el Estado Zulia, Venezuela. para ello se seleccionaron al azar un total de 112 individuos, 57 de Maracaibo (edad promedio 41,8 ± 13,5 años), y 55 de Bobures (edad promedio 31,4 ± 17,4 años) a los cuales se les determinó en condiciones basales glicemia, perfil lípidico y Lp(a). Para la cuantificación sérica de Lp(a) fue utilizado un Kit comercial basado en ELISA de doble anticuerpo monoclonal contra apo-B100 y contra apo(a) (Heber Biotech BioSCREEN Lp(a), La Habana, Cuba). El colesterol total y el colesterol de HDL fueron significativamente más elevados en los individuos de Maracaibo que en los de Bobures (p<0.009 y p<0.001 respectivamente), mientras que los niveles de Lp(a) séricos fueron significativamente más elevados (p<0.001 en la población afrovenezolana (media de 59,0 mg/dl) que en los blancos hispánicos) (media de 29,0 mg/dl). Nuestros rsultados sugieren que la población afrovenezolana estudiada al tener concentraciones de Lp(a) dos veces más elevada que la muestra de blancos-hispánicos estudiados y por encima del rango normal de 30 mg/dl, tienen un mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, por lo tanto deben ser realizados estudios destinados a determinar de los subtipos de Lp(a) presentes en esta población

Elevados niveles séricos de lipoproteína (a) en una población afro-venezolana / High serum (a) in a afro-venezuelan population

Altas concentraciones de Lipoproteína (a) [Lp)a)] son consideradas un factor de riesgo independiente para la enfermedad cardiovascular, sin embargo su determinación no se realiza como prueba de rutina en la evaluación de dicho riesgo. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los niveles séricos de Lp(a) en individuos de las poblaciones de Maracaibo, una localidad con predominio blanco-hispánico, y de Bobures, una localidad afrovenezolana, ambas ubicadas en el Estado Zulia, Venezuela. para ello se seleccionaron al azar un total de 112 individuos, 57 de Maracaibo (edad promedio 41,8 ± 13,5 años), y 55 de Bobures (edad promedio 31,4 ± 17,4 años) a los cuales se les determinó en condiciones basales glicemia, perfil lípidico y Lp(a). Para la cuantificación sérica de Lp(a) fue utilizado un Kit comercial basado en ELISA de doble anticuerpo monoclonal contra apo-B100 y contra apo(a) (Heber Biotech BioSCREEN Lp(a), La Habana, Cuba). El colesterol total y el colesterol de HDL fueron significativamente más elevados en los individuos de Maracaibo que en los de Bobures (p<0.009 y p<0.001 respectivamente), mientras que los niveles de Lp(a) séricos fueron significativamente más elevados (p<0.001 en la población afrovenezolana (media de 59,0 mg/dl) que en los blancos hispánicos) (media de 29,0 mg/dl). Nuestros rsultados sugieren que la población afrovenezolana estudiada al tener concentraciones de Lp(a) dos veces más elevada que la muestra de blancos-hispánicos estudiados y por encima del rango normal de 30 mg/dl, tienen un mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, por lo tanto deben ser realizados estudios destinados a determinar de los subtipos de Lp(a) presentes en esta población(AU)

High serum Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] concentrations are considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) is not usually included as a marker in the routine measurement of the evaluation and management of cardiovascular disease. The goal of this study was to determine the serum Lp(a) levels in two Venezuelas population, Maracaibo, a white-hispanic population, and Bobures, an afro-venezuelan population which has a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. A total of 112 subjects, 57 from Maracaibo (aged 41,8 ± 13,5 years) and 55 from Bobures (aged 31,4 ± 17,4 years), were selected randomly. Fasting glycemia, lipid profile and Lp(a) concentrations were measured throughout. Serum Lp(a) was measured using a commercial kit (Heber Biotech BioSCREEN Lp(a), La Habana, Cuba). Serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in Maracaibo than Bobures subjects (p<0.009 and p<0.001 respectively); whereas Lp(a) levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in afro-venezuelan (mean 59.0 mg/dl) than in white-hispanic subjects (mean 29.0 mg/dl). Our results suggest that afro-venezuelan population had high serum Lp(a) and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations which could be related with the high prevalence of mortality from cardiovascular disease in this population(AU)